G. , Hosoya, L. as they internalize SR1001 molecules to be processed and used by the organism. The disruption of ACE2 impairs prospects to intestinal inflammation and decreased synthesis of serotonin, affecting motility. By critiquing the effects of SARS\CoV\2 in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in infants, and gut responses to breastfeeding interruption, we suggest that it is important to maintain breastfeeding during SARS\CoV\2 contamination, as it might be essential to safeguard newborns from gastrointestinal\associated disorders and relieve disease symptoms. (SARS) and (MERS), to which the incidence reaches up to 73%, and it is also the most important inducer of infantile death (Turin & Ochoa, 2014; Wong et al., 2020). However, the SARS\CoV computer virus can replicate better in the intestinal cells when SR1001 compared to SARS\CoV\2, indicating the reason why diarrhea is usually more usual in CoV infections (Chu et al., 2020). A meta\analysis review with 24,412 adult patients from nine countries showed that this prevalence of respiratory and GI symptoms in adults was 23% and 16%, respectively (Grant et al., 2020). Pneumonia was present in 91% of the cases. When these same symptoms were observed in children, their frequencies in respiratory and GI tracts were 1C11% and 4C7%, respectively, representing 2.5\fold less than the rate of infected adults (Ding et al., 2020; Mantovani et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Moreover, only 8% of neonates and babies under 1\12 months old had severe complications, presenting both respiratory and GI symptoms (Ding et al., 2020). Interestingly, the number of asymptomatic children was 19.6%, and pneumonia was found in 60% of the cases (Hoang et al., 2020). These observations confirm that the prevalence of COVID\19 is usually higher in adults than in children. 3.?BREASTMILK COMPOSITION AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ROLE Human milk contains proteins and amino acids, ions, microorganisms, and other molecules that provide a wide range of biological activities and take action to induce gut maturation and immunostimulatory functions, protecting against infectious diseases (Table ?(Table1)1) (Boix\Amors et al., 2019). TABLE 1 Main bioactive molecules present in human breastmilk and their benefits (Feng et al., 2016; L?nnerdal et al., 2017; Peterson et al., 1998; Rangel et al., 2016; Wheeler et al., 2007) virus infection (Kawasaki et al., 1993). Similarly, another fragment confers resistance to in mice treated intravenously (Parker et al., 1984), inhibits adhesion to gastric cells, and promotes mucosal protection against infection with (Str?mqvist et al., 1995). 3.2. Whey proteins In colostrum, non\immunoglobulin components such as mucin and lactadherin are components of the membrane in the milk fat globule, and both play important roles in infant protection. Lactadherin is a membrane\associated cell adhesion molecule that prevents symptomatic rotavirus infection by inhibiting pathogen binding, inducing IL\10 and TGF\ release from regulatory T cells, besides promoting intestinal dendritic cell development. Furthermore, lactadherin enhances macrophage phagocytic activity of apoptotic cells and improves the inflammatory response induced by NF\kB and by mitogen\activated protein kinase (He et al., 2016). Among the many glycoproteins of human milk, lactoferrin is found mainly in the colostrum. Lactoferrin presents antibacterial and antiparasitic activities through inhibition of GRB2 microbial adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation (Berlutti et al., 2011). It also regulates proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, limiting pathogen colonization of the intestinal tract (Arnold et al., 1980; Brock, 1980). Moreover, lactoferrin has an important function in the generation of an environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, which protects against infection and inflammation by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokine at local sites (Pammi & Abrams, 2015). Evidence demonstrated the potential antiviral activity of lactoferrin combined with other whey proteins in the prevention and/or in the treatment of common cold viruses, and in the reduction of risk of sepsis in GI and respiratory tracts (Berlutti et al., 2011; Manzoni et al., 2009; Vitetta et al., 2013). One of the mechanisms involved in the prevention of virus entry into the host cell occurs through the blockage of cellular receptors, SR1001 and in that way, heparin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSGs) interact with lactoferrin. Such system is used by coronaviruses, and the interaction of lactoferrin\spike protein or spike\HSG blocks SARS\CoV cell infection (Lang et al., 2011). The direct binding to virus particles was also described for other respiratory syncytial viruses. Accordingly, lactoferrin interacts with the virus F protein and inhibits the entry into the cell and virus replication (Sano et al., 2003). In the GI tract, similar results were reported for rotavirus (Grover et al., 1997). Besides lactoferrin and immunoglobulins, \lactalbumin is one of the most predominant proteins in human milk whey and it.
